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  Risks and Benefits of HRT Versus ERT in Order to Separate HRT from ERT While the benefits of Hormone Replace Therapy (HRT) and Estrogen Replace Therapy (ERT) might overlap, their risks have to be separated particularly with regard to breast cancer. The risks of HRT are mainly Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Breast cancer. The main risk of ERT is the incidence of strokes which can be avoided by not using an oral estrogen but an Intra-uterine contraceptive but reducing the risk of endometrial cancer in women with a womb. Studies that randomized peri-menopausal and menopausal women to either HRT or ERT versus placebo and one study that included similar women followed up prospectively for the incidence of the development of Alzheimer’s Dementia (AD). Results: The significant risks of HRT included CHD, stroke and pulmonary embolism. The risk of breast cancer only really existed after long term follow-up [(annualized incidence, 0.45% vs 0.36%; Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.28)]. The significant...

 Characterization of Lesions in the Central Nervous System Based on Neurosonography and Magnetic Resonance in Fetus with Isolated Congenital Heart Defects. A Systematic Review Congenitalheartdefectsrepresentoneofthemainmalformationsdiagnosed prenatally. These are a major cause of neuro developmental disorders and it has even been proposed that structural brain alteration is found from early stages of fetal development. Objective: The objective of this study was to review the existing evidence of prenatal diagnosis of structural braina lterations found in fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging and neurosonography in fetus with isolated congenital heart defect. Materials and Methods: A search of Pubmed, Science Direct, Clinical Key and EBSCO databases was conducted in order to review study cases of fetuses with congenital heart defect between 18 and 37 week with Doppler ultrasonography, neurosonography and /or fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging. Results: A total of 16 articles we...

 Breastfeeding and Gestational Diabetes: Overview in México Gestational diabetes mellitus is defined as glucose intolerance first detected during pregnancy. Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus have been associated with more difficulties in the establishment and duration of breastfeeding among mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus who have a body mass index above their healthy, normal weight counterparts; plus the large number of social and economic factors that prevent the establishment of satisfactory breastfeeding, makes it essential to provide systematic support, especially in the first days of life, remembering that breastfeeding in turn reduces the risk of diabetes in women. Mexico is a middle-high income Latin American country; studies conducted in metropolitan areas with larger populations indicate that exclusive breastfeeding is often initiated, but it is difficult to continue it; together with the increase in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes melli...

 Risks of Gynecological Illnesses in Different ABO Blood Groups of Black Women with Primary or Secondary Infertility in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Preliminary Study Background: The aim of this investigation was twofold: first, to determine an association between types of infertility and ABO blood group and, second, to show potential risk ratios of different gynecological diseases in ABO blood groups. Method: Two hundred and fifty-one women with primary or secondary infertility who presented at a tertiary health facility in Lagos were studied retrospectively. All the cases were seen by consultant gynecologists and all had their ABO blood groups and Rhesus factor determined by standard techniques, though ABO blood group is reported in this study. Statistical methods included mean and standard deviation, χ2, risk ratios and odd ratios (95% CI). P-value was set to be significant at <0.05. Results: O blood group was dominant (n=125, 49.8%) in the study population. Women with primary infer...

 Various Aspects of Nursing as A Science and Its Impact on Nursing This paper explores the various aspects of nursing as a science and its impact on nursing since its conception. A review of three major peer reviewed articles1-3 was completed and defined nursing as a science founded on empiric knowledge or scientific knowledge and expanded by nursing theory through the four ways of knowing or epistemology in nursing, nursing conceptual frameworks through nursing theorists, and evidence-based practice (EBP) models for care Chinn and Kramer4 to support nursing practice through educational program development. Key concepts included: interactive training programs, team resuscitation programs, minimum length of time and work hours for new nurse orientation programs, a formalized new graduate nurse program to increase transition scores for new graduate nurse programs. Nursing as a science truly became known and recognized in the 1950’s and expanded in the 1990’s through the introduction...

 Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is Extubation Failure Predictor in Pediatrics? Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is an indicator of autonomic activity in the regulation of circulation and changes have been associated with several pathological conditions. Aims: The aim of the study was to acess the HRV as a predictor of extubation failure in pediatrics. Methods: In this prospective observational pilot study, we included all consecutive patients from 1 month to 18 years of age who were admitted to the PICU in the ICr-HCFMUSP, São Paulo - Brazil. They were submitted to the spontaneous breathing test (SBT) and evaluated by HRV by the time and frequency domain variables derived from the Polar V800 equipment and the Kubios HRV Standart® program. Results: A total of 36 patients [age 17 (2-216) months; male/female: 20/16; PIM2 3.9 (0.3-45.5); CRP (C-reactive protein) 20.2 (0.1-327); time of mechanical ventilation 5.0 (1.0-64.0) days] were included the study. The main diagnoses were 17...

 Lower IGFBP-1 Plasma Levels in Mothers of Autistic Children IGF-I is an important growth factor and hormone which regulates protein turnover as well as having potent mitogenic and differentiating effects on most cell types.IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) act as carrier proteins and regulators by controlling bioavailability of IGF-I to tissues. We used immune-arrays to measure IGFBP-1in mothers of autistic children and found that the levels were significantly lower than levels in mothers of non-autistic children. IGF has been found to be decreased in autism. We suggest that these low levels are associated with low maternal IGFBP-1. Fetal growth is controlled by genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors. The non-genetic elements become increasingly important in the second half of pregnancy and contribute to the natural phenomenon of maternal constraint on the size of the baby, so overriding paternal genetic influences. IGF-I is an important growth factor and hormone which re...