Dyspareunia in Climacteric Women: What should we know? | Stephy Publishers

 


Pregnancy and Women’s Health Care International Journal - (PWHCIJ)| Stephy Publishers

Introduction

Dyspareunia is a common, but little-known, chronic problem, described as persistent or recurring pain that occurs during sexual intercourse.1 It is a multifactorial pathology that involves psychological, biological and social factors. The incidence of dyspareunia is difficult to determine because women do not usually resort to consultation. The prevalence is around 10% of women of childbearing age and 45% of postmenopausal women.2 Estrogen deficiency can lead to vaginal atrophy, the symptoms of which include vaginal dryness as well as dyspareunia, burning, and dysuria; urgent urinary symptoms, and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs).3 Dyspareunia can be classified in different ways: depending on the moment in which the pain appeared (primary or secondary), in the situational context (generational or situational) and the one that is most used today in clinical practice is based on its location (superficial or deep). This classification allows us to distinguish between the variable causes of dyspareunia and reduces differential diagnoses. 1 Superficial dyspareunia is defined as pain when attempting vaginal penetration into the introitus, whereas in deep dyspareunia, pain is felt on vaginal penetration.Possible causes are listed in the following Table 1.

Due to this, women generally suffer alterations in their mood and feel distressed by changes in sexual function. Therefore, it is important that the doctor inquireabout their sexual health and that the sexual concerns of the women are normalized and universalized. 4 Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) affects approximately 27% to 84% of postmenopausal women and can significantly affect their health, sexual function, and quality of life.5 The diagnosis of GSM includes questioning and vaginal examination. Because the majority of women do not report these events, because they attribute it to physiological changes of aging, it is recommended to inquire about these symptoms in all perimenopausal and postmenopausal women including the collection of useful data such as time of onset, duration, levels of associated distress, how it affects their quality of life, their sexual activity and the relationship with their partner. Data was collected by the Vaginal Health: Insights, Views & attitudes (VIVA-LATAM) survey,6 in which 2509 women from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico between 55 and 65 years old participated. The data showed that generally they had little knowledge about vaginal atrophy. However, the majority of the surveyed population (79%) were aware of the treatment options, mainly lubricating gels and creams (59%). The CLOSER survey7 considered the impact of vaginal discomfort and its treatment on the self-esteem of postmenopausal women and intimate relationships between postmenopausal women and their partners. The answers revealed that vaginal discomfort had a negative impact on intimate relationships.Vaginal discomfort made the majority of women (58%) avoidintimacy and experience loss of libido. On the men's side, a higher percentage (78%) believed that vaginal discomfort caused their postmenopausal partners to avoid intimacy. Vaginal discomfort also had a negative effect on the self-esteem of postmenopausal women, and almost one third no longer felt sexually attractive and lost confidence in themselves as a sexual partner.

To read more #Women’s Health Care
https://www.stephypublishers.com/pwhcij/fulltext/PWHCIJ.MS.ID.000503.php

 
More #Openaccessjournals
https://www.stephypublishers.com/

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Image
 Sustainable Development: Reality Or Myth? Since the United Nations Environment Conference in Stockholm (1972), the concept of sustainable development has steadily made its way among individual scientists and international organizations. The apotheosis of this development was the adoption by the United Nations in 2015 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. However, many scientists and politicians were skeptical about the concept of sustainable development, since the results of implementing sustainable development in different countries were far from expected. Many decisions taken at the level of the UN and other international organizations turned out to be unfulfilled. In my opinion, as well as some other Russian scientists, the concept of sustainable development is an unrealistic project, it is a myth, although it is very positive and humane. Sustainable development goals can be achieved only by the most economically developed countries entering the era of post-industrialism. In...
Read more
Image
 How to Treat Cancer Properly Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in the world, chemotherapy is effective under some conditions, but has too heavy side effects, and it is not effective to a considerable proportion of cases while the side effects are often life-threatening, drugs (not unhealthy addictive drugs mentioned in reference four, the drug in reference four only mean those makes people addictive but does no good to health, destroying health quickly) are not always available to improve the condition. However, sport is a potential treatment that is effective to cancer before the cancer is disseminated, this gets little attention but is true both in theory and practice. The physical activities that have moderate intensity and duration should have devastating effects on cancer cells, they make the body hot and reduce the nutritional resources that cancer cells can get, also renew the proteins in the body and improve one’s mood, cancer cells are hard to live when one is activ...
Read more
Image
 From Bronchial Asthma to Tuberculosis: Unravelling the Cytokine-Macrophage Axis in Diverse Diseases Cytokines, tiny proteins secreted by cells, play a critical role in mediating communication and interactions between cells. They also function as immunomodulating agents, adjusting immune responses. When released into the bloodstream or tissues, cytokines bind to specific receptors on target immune cells, triggering cellular responses. Cytokines are implicated in various diseases, including asthma, COPD, HIV infection, and multiple sclerosis. This review delves into the intricate interplay between cytokines and macrophages, focusing on their roles in inflammation and the immune response. Macrophages, which are scavenger cells of the immune system, exhibit remarkable heterogeneity, reside in diverse tissues, and play crucial roles in both innate and acquired immunity. They can be activated for proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory functions, contributing to tissue destruction or regen...
Read more