Invasive Melanoma: The Treatment-Resistant Skin Cancer with the Deadly Reputation | Stephy publishers

 


Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Therapeutics| Stephy publishers

Abstract
Although melanoma accounts for less than a tenth of all skin cancers, it is responsible for three quarters of skin cancer deaths. It has a more aggressive nature, tendency to metastasise and is more resistant to anti-cancer therapies than non-melanoma skin cancer. The more common skin malignancies arise from the epidermal keratinocytes but the melanoma arises from the melanocyte, sitting on the dermo-epidermal junction. The difference is the neural crest origin of the melanocyte. Cells of neural crest origin are characterised by being heterogeneous, multipotent, mobile, having a high degree of plasticity and, in development and disease able to demonstrate epidermal to mesenchymal transition. The evolutionary deployment of the neural crest cells allowed early chordate species to transform from thin sessile filter feeders into the more mobile, active, and predatory vertebrates, demonstrating adaptation to a wider range of environmental niches. Mature cells of neural crest origin can also, in certain circumstances, be induced to revert to a precursor, stem cell-like state to access plasticity and immune-modulation. These characteristics can be manipulated to the advantage of the melanoma cell mass to increase tumour invasiveness and progression.

Keywords: Melanoma, Multipotent cells, Neural crest, Ocellus

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